![]() can hydrolyze urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide, and therefore raise urinary pH. However, urinary tract infections involving struvite stones are characteristic. The clinical manifestations of infections with Proteus spp. hauseri, previously considered biogroup 3, has not been associated with infections in humans. myxofaciens was originally isolated from a gypsy moth and has been isolated from UTIs in India ( 129). Thus, the burden of human infections caused by this organism may be underestimated.> vulgaris by 16S sequencing unless using the 16S-23S internal transcribed spacer ( 26). mirabilis due to being indole-negative ( 72), and it cannot be clearly resolved from P. penneri may be incorrectly identified as P. penneri causing "red body disease" of the Pacific white shrimp Penaeus vannamei ( 25). There has also been one recent report of P. penneri Fournier's gangrene in a child with congenital genitourinary anomalies ( 33). penneri, previously biogroup 1, generally causes UTIs, wound infections, burn infections, bloodstream infections, and respiratory tract infections ( 71, 137).There has been one case study of P. vulgaris causing bacteremia and brain abscesses, with the suspected point of entry being the digestive tract( 16).> vulgaris, previously considered biogroup 2, has been reported to cause UTIs, wound infections, burn infections, bloodstream infections, and respiratory tract infections ( 71, 137). mirabilis could have a role in the etiology of rheumatoid arthritis ( 145). It is a common cause of bacteremia following catheter-associated UTI ( 90), and in rare cases has been reported to cause cellulitis, endocarditits, mastoiditis, empyema, and osteomyelitis ( 24, 61, 86, 137). mirabilis is a common cause of both community-acquired and catheter-associated UTI, cystitis, pyelonephritis, prostatitis, wound infections, and burn infections, and occasionally causes respiratory tract infections, chronic suppurative otitis media, eye infections (endophthalmitis), meningitis, and meningoencephalitis ( 3, 4, 51, 81, 137). mirabilis is by far the most common species identified in clinical specimens. causes urinary tract infections by ascending from the rectum to the periurethra and bladder. Therefore, like Escherichia coli, Proteus spp. can be found to colonize the vaginal introitus prior to onset of bacteruria. The most common infections caused by Proteus spp. Members of the genus Proteus are widespread in the environment and are found in the human gastrointestinal tract ( 9). This attribute reminded early microbiologists of the morphologic variability of the Protei on subculture, including their ability to swarm. The genus name Proteus originates from the mythological Greek sea god Proteus, who was an attendant to Poseidon ( 62). On a cellular level, swarming results from bacterial transformation from "swimmer cells" in broth to "swarmer cells" on a surface such as agar, in a process involving cellular elongation and increased flagellin synthesis ( 62). Swarming appears macroscopically as concentric rings of growth emanating from a single colony or inoculum. myxofaciens may represent a separate genus with low similarity to tribe Proteeae, and it has been suggested that this organism be renamed Cosenzaea myxofaciens ( 47).Ī striking microbiologic characteristic of Proteus species is their swarming activity. However, a recent study indicated that P. hauseri and three unnamed genomospecies: Proteus genomospecies 4, 5, 6 ( 104). The genus Proteus currently consists of five named species: P. Proteus is a member of the tribe Proteeae, which also includes Morganella and Providencia. The genus of Proteus consists of motile, aerobic and facultatively anaerobic, Gram-negative rods. Proteus is a member of the Enterobacteriaceae family. ![]()
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